Um milhão de metros: Critérios para certificação de um instrutor ACA

Para se tornar um instrutor ACA é necessário muitas horas na água, remando, treinando e praticando. No entanto, existe uma lista de pré-requisitos técnicos que são necessários. Analisar esta lista é interessante pois ela define os conhecimentos práticos/técnicos necessários para que todos possam focar seus treinamentos, afim de refinar as técnicas necessárias. Além da técnica e conhecimentos, algumas questões mais burocráticas também são abordadas aqui. Descrevo a seguir o que consegui entender da leitura que fiz das páginas da ACA.

Mesmo para quem não tem interesse em se tornar um instrutor, os vídeos a seguir são uma coleção de informações sobre diversas técnicas e manobras, apresentadas por instrutores renomados, se tornando uma ótima fonte de conhecimento para qualquer remador que tem vontade de melhorar sua técnica e evoluir no mundo da canoagem.

Requisitos gerais para a certificação como instrutor da ACA:

- Os candidatos a instrutor devem ter pelo menos 18 anos de idade.

- Devem estar em dia como membros da ACA e com as taxas do SEIC (Safety Education & Instruction Council).

- Devem manter um nível apropriado de treinamentos em Primeiros Socorros e de RCP.

Processo de certificação para instrutor:

Para se tornar um instrutor da ACA, o candidato deve:

- Participar de um Workshop de Desenvolvimento de Instrutores (IDW) e passar no Exame de Certificação de Instrutor (ICE). Estes cursos são oferecidos em momentos distintos, com tempo para o candidado poder se desenvolver, praticar e treinar, ou podem ser oferecidos simultaneamente (a critério do instrutor treinador) como um workshop de certificação de instrutor (ICW).

- Ter habilidades consistentes, com demonstração dessas habilidades.

- Demonstrar habilidades de ensino.

- Demonstrar conhecimento técnico sobre canoagem.

- Demonstrar habilidades adequadas de segurança e resgate.

- Conseguir gerenciar o grupo/o curso.
- Demonstrar habilidades interpessoais.

Processo de Registro e Taxas:

Todos os candidatos a instrutor devem ser membros em dia da ACA antes do início do curso de formação. Qualquer tipo de associação individual ou familiar é válido, exceto a associação introdutória de 6 meses.

Após a conclusão bem sucedida de um ICE ou ICW, o novo instrutor deve pagar as taxas do SEIC. Isso pode ser pago ao instrutor treinador para que este envie junto com a documentação do curso ou pode ser feito on-line posteriormente (o pagamento das taxas do SEIC também estão disponíveis no eStore).

Uma vez que o escritório da ACA receber a documentação do curso e as taxas já tenham sido pagas, o candidato a instrutor que tenha obtido sucesso na certificação terá seu status de membro transferido para Instrutor no banco de dados da ACA, além de receber seu cartão de certificação.

Texto e materiais necessários:

É necessário ter o Manual do Instrutor ACA.

Resultados de certificação:

- Pass: um candidato a instrutor pode tornar-se certificado ao nível mais alto do ICE ou ICW.

- Pass: um candidato a instrutor pode tornar-se certificado a um nível inferior (por exemplo, receber uma certificação de nível 2, embora tenha feito um curso para certificação de nível 4).

- Continued: a maioria, mas nem todos, os requisitos foram cumpridos para certificar em um nível específico. O candidato não precisa refazer todo o curso ICE ou ICW, mas deve ser "verificado" novamente por um instrutor treinador, em uma data posterior, antes da certificação ser concedida.

- Failed: o candidato a instrutor não passou no nível desejado e as deficiências eram tantas que ele deve refazer todo o IDW, ICE ou ICW.

- Um candidato a instrutor pode receber uma certificação de nível 2 e ficar Continued no nível 3.

- Se um candidato a instrutor receber os conceitos Continued ou Failed em um determinado nível, o instrutor treinador deve documentar por escrito suas deficiências, tanto para o candidato, quanto para o escritório da ACA.

Informações adicional sobre a certificação:

- A participação em um curso ICE ou ICW não garante a certificação.

- Não sabe que nível deve tentar a certificação? Revise os Critérios do Instrutor para se familiarizar com os critérios de cada nível.

- Um manual completo das políticas da ACA está disponível na página do Safety Education & Instruction Council.

Onde fazer?

Pelo que pesquisei, a Aroeira Outdoor, na figura do alemão Christian Fuchs, é a única empresa que oferece esse curso de formação aqui na América do Sul.

Critérios para se tornar um instrutor ACA Level 3: Coastal Kayaking:

Pré-requisos: ter realizado um dos seguintes cursos
- Level 3: Coastal Kayak Skills Assessment

- Level 3: Coastal Kayak Trip Leader Assessment

Para fazer a certificação do Level 4 é necessário ser certificado Level 3 e ter pelo menos 2 cursos reportados para a ACA. Desta forma, para quem quer iniciar, acredito que o Level 3 é o indicado.

Local do curso:

O curso de intrutor não poderá ser completado a não ser que durante algum tempo duas das seguintes condições estejam presentes:

-- ventos de 10-15 nós

-- 1-2 foot seas

-- 1-2 foot breaking waves

-- 1-2 nós de corrente

1) Demonstrar conhecimento sobre a papelada da ACA:

1.1) How to register & report a course (with and without insurance)
1.1) Como registrar e reportar um curso (com e sem seguro)

1.2) An understanding of the ACA Waiver & Release of Liability
1.2) Compreensão dos termos da renúncia e isenção de responsabilidade da ACA

2) Demonstrar conhecimento de:

2.1) Teaching theory (Teorias de ensino)

2.2) Learning theory (Teorias de aprendizado)

2.3) Effective methods of providing feedback (Métodos efetivos para dar feedback)

3) Demonstrar:

3.1) Positive interpersonal skills (habilidades interpessoais positivas)

3.2) Appropriate group management skills (including leadership and judgment)
3.2) Competências adequadas de gerenciamento de grupo (incluindo liderança e julgamento)

3.3) Ability to choose an appropriate venue / class site
3.3) Capacidade de escolher um local adequado para as aulas e cursos

4) Demonstrar a capacidade de desempenhar, avaliar e ensinar eficaz e eficientemente as técnicas de remada e manobras básicas, incluindo:

4.1) Forward (touring & power) (remada pra frente)
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yz00070X04o&t=45s - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Series
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCyikqdIhmY - WoodsWaterEcotours
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FIfx-QDuHKQ - Gordon Brown - Paddling.com
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VBx9CXbNVCw - Werner Paddle

4.2) Reverse (remada de ré)
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oa7Q_0LM8OQ&t=15s - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-feCLPf-qw&t=45s - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Series

4.3) Stopping (parar o caiaque)
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kRUpSLUFMII

4.4) Forward and reverse sweeps (varredura de frente e ré)

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GWpaWh8AcZw&t=45s - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Series
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BysHoOHUvU&t=45s - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Series

4.5.1) Draw in-water/out-of-water (side draw) (puxada lateral)

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3G8Viju93I&t=45s - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Serie
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GIB0-aJlLwk

4.5.2) Sculling draw (puxada lateral em 8)

A refinement of the draw stroke, as the blade is kept in the water for the whole of the stroke. It is less powerful than the standard draw stroke and therefore it is possible to perform it for longer periods of time although the downside is that it is more difficult to make progress against any wind.

The kayaker should rotate so that they are facing the direction of travel, the blade should be as vertical as possible when it enters the water between the feet and the knees. The blade should be fully immersed in the water, with the drive face angled towards the stern of the kayak. As the blade travels towards the stern of the kayak it should remain parallel with the side of the kayak.

The blade should finish its journey just behind the hips, at this point the angle of the blade is switched so that the drive face is now pointing towards thebow of the kayak. This is then repeated as smoothly as possible and the kayak should travel sideways. As with all other strokes practice with your eyes closed to ensure that it becomes second nature.

Some coaches will encourage edging whilst performing a sculling draw. Which is the best way to edge, either towards or away from the stroke has been the subject to some debate. The best thing to do is to experiment and decide what works best for you in your kayak.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0NbWDhmREgo&t=45s - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Serie

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ddJSbLmFGU&t=45s - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Serie

4.6.1) Low brace (Low recovery stroke) (apoio baixo)

This is the basic support stroke and if mastered then the number of accidental capsizes experienced by the kayaker will be reduced significantly, so it is well worth practicing on a regular basis.

The stroke brings the kayak quickly to the stable position before it has gone too far off balance. When holding the paddle the elbows should remain high, above the paddle shaft, with the drive face of the paddle upwards, resulting in the back of the blade being presented to the water.

As the flat of the blade hits the water it is necessary to use a hip flick to bring the kayak back to a stable position. Attempt to keep the blade as horizontal as possible across the front of your body and avoid putting too much weight on the blade as this will result in it sinking.

As with all strokes practice regularly and on both sides until it becomes second nature. A useful exercise is to practice with your eyes shut, it helps develop a feel for the stroke and to make it instinctive.

The stroke can be used in a variety of circumstances, for example, reacting quickly when struck by a wave and preventing a capsize. Or in a preventative fashion for example when crossing the eddy line in a tidal race, as it is a far more supportive stroke than a bow rudder.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B1YxQJnfFz0 - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Serie
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C_ZxLDtiAGc - Sea Kayaking TV

4.6.2) High brace (High recovery stroke) (apoio alto)

This is the stroke, which it is necessary to use to return the kayak to an upright position when it is significantly off balance. If the kayak isn’t too far off balance the low brace is more suitable. It is a stroke, which is rarely used in calm conditions but is effective in tidal races, surf and swell. Care is needed to avoid placing the paddle shaft higher than the shoulders as this increases the risk of a shoulder dislocation.

The main differences between the high and low strokes are that in the high stroke the power (or drive face) of the blade is facing the water as opposed to the back of the blade and you pull down on the blade in the high stroke as opposed to pushing down. To prevent injury the paddle is kept as low as possible and the elbows are bent and kept below the shaft of the paddle.

When performing the stroke lean slightly forward (leaning back to perform this stroke exposes you to significant risk of injury), place the power face of the blade on the water and check that your elbows are below the paddle shaft.

As the kayak goes off balance pull down with an appropriate level of force on the paddle, keeping your elbows bent and in front of your body. At the same time that you pull down on the blade apply upwards pressure with the knee(hip flick), which is on the same side that you are performing the stroke and release the pressure on the opposite knee. The downward pressure on the blade and the upward pressure with the knee combine to bring the kayak back upright and into balance.

As with other strokes it is a good idea to practice placing your blade in the correct position across the hatch on your partners kayak so that you can feel the pressure, which is required, and concentrate on what you are doing with your knees without the concern of capsizing, which can inhibiting your performance. Once you have developed your technique on a partners kayak move on to performing on the water.

A group activity, which is also useful exercise, is to line all the paddlers up and to close their eyes. Somebody then shouts out randomly the strokes, which can be performed. The four options are high left and right plus low left and right. Start off slowly and gradually build up speed. It forces the kayakers to respond quickly to a range of conditions, which is what happens when out in more demanding conditions.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTzVPNva_fw - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Serie
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I3KPF2r3S5w - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c8Tr6sbuQmI - Adventure Kayak Magazine

4.6.3) Low and High brace
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MV4edObbz44 - Sea Kayaking TV

4.7) Sculling brace

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gk2KXnNOpiM - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Serie
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_qplOf-NN0M - Sea kayaking Cornwall
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bEraGUjGEm4 - Adventure Kayak Magazine

4.8) Stern Rudder (leme de popa)

One of the more common misunderstandings in kayaking concerns the stern rudder. It is often seen as a turning stroke whereas in fact it is a steering stroke, which is used to maintain a particular course. It can be used when shooting through narrow gaps in the rocks when there is not enough room to perform normal strokes but it really comes into its own in a following sea. The deft application of a stern rudder enables maximum benefit to be gained from the propulsive effect of wind and waves.

The ideal starting position is by rotating at the hips so that the shoulders are parallel to the centre line of the kayak. If the stroke is to be performed on the right hand side of the kayak the paddler’s upper body should be facing to the right. In the starting position both blades of the paddle should be on the same side of the kayak. A useful exercise to ensure that the correct position has been achieved is to drop the paddle into the water; it should enter the water cleanly, without striking the kayak.

Retrieve the paddle from the water and regain the position with the paddle parallel to the centre line of the kayak and both blades on the same side of the kayak. The rear blade should be immersed in the water so that it is just covered. This means that the front arm has to be raised slightly. With the kayak in a stationary position pull the rear blade towards the edge of the kayak and then push it away from the kayak. Whilst performing this exercise observe the effect that it is having on the bow of the kayak. If the stroke is being performed on the right, pushing the blade away from the kayak should force the bow towards the right and pulling the blade in towards the kayak has the effect of turning the bow to the left. It should be noticed that the pushing movement is the more powerful of the two movements.

The next stage is to perform the stroke whilst on the move, start off slowly and if possible perform the stroke whilst traveling downwind. Remember that the aim is not to change direction but to maintain a straight course with just slight modifications to the bow. Once the paddler has found the position comfortable the next stage is to switch sides with the paddle whilst traveling faster. The ability to switch sides, with the paddle, is a useful skill to develop prior to paddling in following seas, when surfing down the face of waves is an inevitable consequence, or playing in tidal races.

There are a couple of useful exercises to introduce, which will help to develop confidence with this stroke. The first uses gaps in the rocks or other constrictions. Paddle towards the gap at a reasonable speed and then usingthe stern rudder maintain direction through the gap without striking the rocks on either side. The following is useful when there are no natural features.

Two paddlers face each other about 20 metres apart and at a given signal paddle towards each other with the bows of the kayaks slightly offset, as the kayaks approach each other both paddlers perform a right hand stern rudder and if all goes to plan the kayaks should slide past each other. It is important that this exercise starts off slowly because of the potential for injuries.

Being able to perform an efficient stern rudder with confidence is the difference between frustration and a slow journey and elation and fast speeds, once following seas develop. It is possible to cover considerable distances quite quickly once the stern rudder has been mastered.

Clearly it is also a stroke which is used in the surf. Once the wave has been caught it is necessary to maintain directional control whilst running diagonally across the face of the wave, this is where the stern rudder comes into its own.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fKhENDvpnmA - Canoe & Kayak Magazine
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ciXflrp2JYg - Adventure Kayak Magazine
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DzO3ef7x45E - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Serie

4.9.1) Low brace turn (curva com apoio baixo)

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UMQVwcv-yV0 - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kEO9JPwPkTQ - Canoe & Kayak Magazine
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zS2eGTF1PoY - Sea kayaking Cornwall

4.9.2) High brace turn (curva com apoio alto)

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ovAyFkTWIzA - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lTzVPNva_fw - How to Paddle Series

4.9.3) Low and high brace turn
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYoDp3b4C1c - Rick Wise

4.10) Bow rudder (leme de proa)

One stroke, which has tended to be ignored by sea kayakers but is one of the most frequently used turning strokes by white water paddlers, the bow rudder. The stroke is particularly useful when manoeuvring in closely defined situations such as rock gardens or whenchanging direction to assist with a rescue.

The starting position is for the same as the draw stroke but the lower hand is pushed forward so that the blade is in the water close to the feet. The lower hand is then opened slightly so that the blade is at roughly 45 degrees to the kayak. This position is somewhat different to that used on white water, in this situation the blade has moved back so that it is placed in the water closer to the hips.
Care is needed in sea kayaks to avoid damage to the wrist when performing the bow rudder. If the hand is opened too far so that more of the blade is exposed then the pressure can build up rapidly. It is important therefore, to build the stroke up in stages and also to increase the speed at which it is performed slowly.

It should be emphasized that the hands have to remain in the same position on the paddle. The top arm should be running across the forehead. A key phrase is "forearm forehead". It is surprising how many people forget this simple piece of advice once they become involved in performing the stroke. If the forearm drops too low then it can obstruct the paddler’s vision.

Another common fault is to place the top arm across the throat; this can have serious consequences if the blade hits an obstacle. Garroting on the water is not a pretty sight!

One of the most difficult aspects of this stroke is actually getting the body and blade into the correct position. When coaching, it is useful to stand in the water, so that it is possible to hold the stern of the students kayak. As a coach you then place the arms and blade in the correct position and gently push the stern of the kayak. The student then feels what is happening without the confusion of the paddle. If this step is missed out it is possible to produce a group of kayakers resembling a group of windmills. Arms flailing as the correct blade position is sought. Once each student has had the opportunity to experience the bow rudder at the hands of the coach they can be encouraged to try the stroke out away from the shore. The next stage is to identify a point around which the kayak has to turn. Lobster pot buoys are ideal. The bow rudder is both one of the more difficult strokes to perform and to coach but when it is executed correctly it is one of the most satisfying there is.

In some parts of the world this is still called the Duffeck stroke, named after Milovan Duffeck, a Czechoslovakian slalom paddler of the 1950’s who defected to Switzerland in 1952.

Once the basics of the bow rudder have been mastered it is possible toincrease the effectiveness of the turn by edging away from the stroke. So if the bow rudder is performed on the right hand side, then edge to the left.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPCVVKLt0oI - Adventure Kayak Magazine
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rClVBZyKeOw - Sea kayaking Cornwall

4.11) Side-slip (deslocamento lateral)

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g641P_YgW_s - Eskape Kayak
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kg1wbQq4WRw - Sea kayaking Cornwall

5) Demonstrar a capacidade de desempenhar, avaliar e ensinar eficaz e eficientemente as técnicas/competências de controle do caiaque, incluindo:

5.1) Edge awareness and control
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JjvWhQSmFRI - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NPCAmYfWKi8 - Jez Jezz
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkGoJhlIbko - Canoe & Kayak Magazine
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cFwyTlsJsVo - Glenmore Lodge

5.3) Remadas e manobras em diversas condições de água, vento e corrente (de acordo com o nível 3).

6) Demonstrar a capacidade de desempenhar, avaliar e ensinar eficaz e eficientemente as técnicas/competências de resgate em diversas condições de água, vento e corrente (de acordo com o nível 3):

6.1) Wet exit with spray skirt
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=blJFzirv3-E - Mike Aronoff - How to Paddle Series
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEmOxMP2tR4 - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gx50LrkOw00 - expertvillage
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luLP2nhp_gQ - Mike Aronoff

6.2) Self-rescue (scramble or cowboy/cowgirl, paddle float with/without sling)

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZLTTk_TbKE - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P9VgFiW92j8 - Bay Area Sea Kayakers
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hkj2S4yxoQI - Paddling.com
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z1XWnHKvPGI - eastcoastkayaking
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4bupgSO1XBE - Adventure Kayak Magazine

6.3) Boat over boat rescue (T-rescue) (as vezes chamado de X-rescue)

A simple one-person rescue of a capsized companion. The rescuer grabs the bow of the capsized kayak and turns it up the right way. Due to the sweep of the bow it will then slide easily onto the cockpit of the person performing the rescue. The kayak is then rolled over and most of the water will fall out of the cockpit, this is particularly the case if the bulkhead is directly behind the seat. It is then fairly easy to rotate the kayak so that it ends up the right way. The two kayaks should then be placed parallel to each other with the rescuer holding them tightly together by the cockpits. There are now two options for getting the person from the water into their kayak:

1) The casualty can come in between the kayaks, lie back in the water, with a hand in each kayak, swing their legs into the cockpit and with a pull with the arms and a thrust with the hips they should be able to get themselves into their kayak. It is important that throughout the procedure the rescuer continues to hold the kayaks together.

2) The second way to get in is for the person being rescued to be on the outside of the rafted kayaks and pull themselves up whilst kicking their legs at the same time. This method is probably safer in rough conditions as there is clearly no likelihood of the person being injured by the two kayaks coming together and it can be particularly fast. This is often the easier for the rescuer, as the kayaks are not being forced apart by the swimmer who is in between. The person who is in the water positions themselves just behind the cockpit and reaches across to grab the coaming on the far side. On a set signal, probably “jump” or “now” the swimmer kicks their legs and pull himself or herself onto the raft. The rescuer is able to reach across and pull on the buoyancy aid of the casualty if necessary. Once the swimmer is on the kayak they rotate their legs into the cockpit of their kayak, keeping their centre of gravity as low as possible. The rescuer holds onto the swimmer and the kayak throughout the rescue to keep the raft as stable as possible.

Practice is essential to ensure that it works smoothly and care needs to be exercised when lifting the kayak to avoid injuries to the lower back. The person being rescued should go to the bow of the rescuers kayak, when they are there it is possible to watch them and check that they are alright, something which is clearly impossible if they are on the stern. Whilst the rescue is taking place always talk to the person in the water, giving clear instructions and reassuring them. The rescue should be smooth and conducted in an efficient manner ensuring that the person spends as little time in the water as possible.

A useful coaching point is to have rescue races, with stop watches running and a healthy competitive atmosphere. It should be possible with practice and a positive approach to put somebody back into their kayaks within 30 seconds, in a training situation. It may take slightly longer in a real life situation but the timed training scenarios should encourage a faster and more positive approach when the need arises. It is also important to train in a variety of conditions and water temperatures. Don’t save all your training for warm, calm days in the summer.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5Z43EqTRUA - getafixcoaching
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPI8afCZQr4 - REI
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a8CYbL_mmC0 - REI

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3Db28r5hGc - Mike Aronoff

6.4) Eskimo rescue (bow / stern / paddle) (também conhecido como Bow rescue)

This is one way of staying in a kayak and righting it after there has been a capsize. Using the bow of a paddling partner it is possible to right oneself. This is why it is also called the Bow Rescue. Clearly this is a skill, which needs to be practiced regularly, preferably in the initial stages, in a warm swimming pool if there is to be any chance of success. If you capsize remain in the kayak and run your hands along either side of the kayak. At this point it is important to remain calm and have faith in your paddling companions. With all possible haste their task is to place the bow of their kayak close to your hands so that you are able to grasp hold and then through a combination of pulling up and a hip flick, right your kayak. The rescuer has to approach the kayak with a combination of speed and care. It is possible to trap the capsized persons fingers in-between the two kayaks, causing injury. Once the person has grasped the bow of the kayak the rescuer should paddle gently forwards as this provides a more stable platform on which to gain support.

It is likely that the number of successful eskimo rescues, performed in the event of an accidental capsize, will be quite small but it is a great confidence building exercise and for that reason alone it is worth practicing. It is not necessarily a skill which needs to be introduced relatively late in a paddlers career. On warm summer days I will often introduce these rescues on the second paddling session. It will help to develop confidence and even if the eskimo rescue fails paddlers will always need more practice with their capsizing and rescues. Once paddlers have gained some success they should be encouraged to perform the rescue whilst holding onto the rescuers kayak with only one hand. This will encourage the development of their hip flick, which is clearly essential to successful rolling at a later stage in the paddling development. After a number of successful rescues the distance between the person who has capsized and the rescuer should be increased. After a few attempts the kayaks should be 5 or 6 metres apart when the initial capsize occurs. Clearly people rarely capsize on flat calm days with warm clear water, so it is necessary to practice in more demanding conditions, for example in tidal races or on windy days on open water. If you are going out to practice skills in such conditions it is probably advisable to wear helmet to prevent head injuries. A modification is to use a paddle as opposed to the bow of a kayak with which to perform the rescue. Once the person is upside down the rescuer should paddle alongside the capsized craft. Then place a paddle across the front of their cockpit and onto the hull of the kayak, which has capsized. Then take the hand of the person who is in the water and place it on the shaft of the paddle. It is possible then to use the paddle shaft to gain enough support to perform a hip flick and to right the kayak. Whichever method is selected it requires practice and confidence on the part of both paddlers and the sooner people start to practice the better.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OBlj7XKW4lc - Mike Aronoff
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OiBd2RnXu7g - NRS (no vídeo chamado de T-Rescue !?!?!?)

6.5) Scoop rescue
At times this may be the final resort for getting a person back into their kayak. Basically the person in the water gets their legs in their kayak, whilst it is on its side, effectively floating in, and then the rescuer pulls the kayak upright. It is a useful rescue to have in reserve in case a person is exhausted, unable to lift their body weight or possibly injured. Obviously once the kayak is upright it will still be full of water and so will need to be emptied, this is where a pump would prove particularly effective. It is important to tell the person who is being rescued that when they have their legs in the kayak; they need to lean as far back as possible, onto the rear deck. This alters their centre of gravity and makes it easier for the rescuer to pull the kayak upright. The kayak is pulled upright by having a firm grip on the cockpit coaming and leaning over as far as possible. This is not a straightforward rescue, as with any skill, it requires practice particularly if you are training in rough water. This is very much a last resort rescue but it is a useful one to have it in your repertoire of skills.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wE5y_DW2h04 - Adventure Kayak Magazine

6.6) Unresponsive paddler rescue (e.g. Hand-of-God)
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VCj2LnT8eik - Canoe & Kayak Magazine
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yYPJ4gMjfdI - Sea kayaking Cornwall
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGHewDfELTE

6.7) Swimmer recovery (bow, stern)

-- https://paddling.com/learn/swimmer-assists/

Além disso, ter conhecimento profissional e proficiência em outros resgates:

6.8) Reentry and roll with and without paddle float
This is a quick and effective means of performing a self rescue although there is the argument that if the roll has failed in the first place it is unlikely to succeed when climbing in upside down from the water. All things considered it is a very useful skill to practice as it leads to greater confidence in the water and improves an individuals rolling technique. Rather than attempting to get back into the kayak when it is completely upside down hold the kayak so that it is lying on its side and tuck your paddle in between your arm and body. Start to slide your legs into the cockpit, clearly much easier if you have a keyhole version as opposed to the smaller ocean cockpit. Eventually a point is reached when it is not possible to slide the legs in any further. It is now necessary to take a deep breath, roll the kayak over so that it is upside down and from this position slide your legs all the way in. Before attempting the roll grab both sides of the cockpit and pull yourself firmly onto the seat, this enables you brace more effectively for the roll. Failing to position oneself appropriately on the seat is the most common reason for failing to re-enter and roll. Once the roll has been performed it is necessary to position the kayak in quieter water in order to pump out. The ability to re-enter and roll is not a circus trick but it is a technique that requires regular practice in a variety of water conditions. Don’t just train on those warm summer days when the water temperature is about 20°C. Try it in the winter, in tidal races, in strong winds etc. It goes without saying that it is important to ensure that there is appropriate safety back up in place. If you are finding it difficult or the conditions are particularly challenging it is worth using a paddle float (if you carry one) as it will provide considerably more support for the front blade when performing the roll.

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zm6wHEAiN8w - getafixcoaching
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zDipkjglQc - Sea kayaking Cornwall
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=draZdyX4l-g - Paddling.com
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b_kvMCmoZw0 - Paddling.com

6.9) Eskimo roll (individual proficiency - perform an Eskimo roll in conditions)

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=APbBBzEq7oo - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YlgKotwHzSY - Glenmore Lodge (parte 1)
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xvd2cZAxu1M - Glenmore Lodge (parte 2)
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F0ZJeTkxOGU - Glenmore Lodge (parte 3)
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BxC5cUWA0f4 - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iGJvIWpYdM0 - Adventure Kayak Magazine

7) Demonstrar a capacidade de desempenhar, avaliar e ensinar eficaz e eficientemente:

7.1) Safety issues and hazards of coastal kayaking
7.1) Problemas de segurança e perigos da remada costeira

7.2) Desenvolvimento de um plano de navegação

7.3) Equipment selection / packing (seleção/packing dos equipamentos)
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rvD59n3AWRY
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xUUX1VI7i1I

7.4) Recursos para previsão do tempo e interpretação

7.5) Leave No Trace, entendendo a ecologia, a conservação e a administração

7.6) Leitura e uso básico do cartas náuticas

7.7) Hipotermia e hipertermia; prevenção e tratamento

7.8) Signaling devices and safety equipment

7.9) Boat traffic, rules of the road (regras de tráfego de embarcações)

7.10) Kayak design and equipment

7.11) Kayak towing technique (técnica de reboque)

-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PwyYrr7NO7A - Sea Kayaking TV
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otEmFcTTrIU - Adventure Kayak Magazine
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1OhowpFVDe8 - Gordon Brown - Paddling.com
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AgY_1mhlFuQ - Adventure Kayak Magazine
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qn8g_hJ2tt8 - Plas y Brenin
-- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tlx5vHT6hzs - Sea kayaking Cornwall

8) Demonstrar a capacidade de desempenhar, avaliar e ensinar eficaz e eficientemente técnicas de gerenciamento de grupo e gerenciamento de incidentes, incluindo:

8.1) Communication and signaling (VHF radio protocol / pyrotechnics / smoke)

8.2) Situational awareness (consciência situacional)

8.3) Liderança, julgamento e gerenciamento de grupo em uma variedade de ambiente costeiro de águas abertas